.eveSwa Wncawb clunwswH Wviawgumwk InWb egutWkwrwh eg cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia

:cnutwgiawDwvevcnwfua
cnWmcHwrcaudcbwA udwmcHwa cnwswH IkwLufcnwn wmwhiruf eg Wncawb clunwswH
WycaidUmcHwm egWZwfWHum WriawHub egurcBim ItwgiawDwvevcnwfua .evea Wncawbclwa
wnwv 1906 urwbOTckoa 14 - 1324 cnWbcAwx 25 Iaea .eveawguSwr Eyik Ea
egurcBim InwvwncnwgiawDwvev ctwbcsin Wncawb clunwswH .eveawgurwhwa
.eveSwkwa WliaWA irevcnId ,irevuDnwd egItcnwfudem

egcaekwtcnibuDnwd eguSwr ea ,IkwnWmcHwrcaudcbwA wfWk egWncawb clunwswH
clunwswH) udwmcHwa cKiawx csevwmwn .evekeairevuDnwd egiawdWa irev
.eveawgcaeTcaev urud WmwkirevuDnwd Iawa cnumwvuDob (wpcawb egWncawb
Wrukcswd cnWauruq udwmcHwa cKiawx cnitwm egumudea egunWmcHwrcaudcbwA
wncnuh iawgWycairwdcnwkcsia cSokcswd udIvujwt ,iawvwyik csog cSwkwhWluk
idwa .evetwgiawDwvinegnua umcliA InId cnutikcsim WxWb cmihWrcbia
Wdwh iDwg wncnuh iawgWycairwdcnwkcsia urwvcswvud iawa cnumwvuLWdivWvwyik
egIrWfwyiv egumukcaiv iDwg cnuhwf idwa Wvcawrukctwkcawswm iawgcaeawrWhif
.evetwgiawDwvedwv cSwaeret

utWfwt cSwtwncnus ,evcsua ubWncnuf iawgumcliA cXIdwH udwmcHwa cKiawx
iawgEret egukwtctof ivcauyil cnutog ea .eveaivcaeruk caekwtctwmudiK
WmIv .eveaenemih "udwmcHwa udwncsum ibIturwt If InWbcawr cauHutwfclwa"
idwa .eveawgcaeTcaev InId Iawa cnumwv uLufuDob Wncawb clunwswH
ctwkcawswm egwpcawb Ivcaeruk csevWncawb clunwswH cnutog egcaetwkcawswm
.evemudeh iDwg iviawgumwk


:cnuTcaef egurutwd
cnWauruq egWycaidUmcHwm ,InuTcaef ctWywH ImIlcAwt egWncawb clunwswH
inegnua umcliA cnutWg cniaeburudea utWfwt uSwr ea .evencnukwhWluk
,csev cSwtWg cniaeburudea uSwrcSwr iriawk iaWSwr ea uhwfcSwmutwgiawDwv
ivcauLua iawgukwtcsWluk im csevwmwn .evetwgiawDwv Wncawb clunwswh
idwa .eveaivun caerwv Evcaerukcswd utih cnWauruq cnumwk wDuk uLokcswvud
Wncawb clunwswH IkwkwtcsWluk Ed cSokcswd cnWauruq inwkeawmwh
.eveaivun csev cSwkwnwt ivencnegiawDwvevWvWywg

uLufWpcawb egWnEa cnwvcaunof cSwkwaWsurwdwm IdWdcAia Wncawb clunwswH
egumwk enWrukcswd cnWauruq cnuhwf ItwgiawDwvevcswbcaea
eg urUhcnwmwd ,uhwfcSwmuvemcnin WlwHurwm IdWdcAia .evencnumutwgiawDwvevudcAwv
clurWd" wncnuh iawgWrihWq urwhwa wnwv 1923 idwa .evetwgiawDwv cSwaWsurwdwm
cnuveyik urwhwa wnwv 1927 idwa .evetwgiawDwv cnwvwyik cSwa "cmUluA
Wvwyik iawgumUluA clurWd Wncawb clunwswH cnutog ivWmid cnwk .eveaivemcnin
iteDob cSwjwhcnwm egumunid iawvwyik egnWtea ,Ikwrwvcswvud ivuLWdiv
,ubwdwa ,cswb ibwrwA cnutog egcaeaWjItwn .evekerwvcswvud iawa caekwtulwdwb
eguhwf wdwf udWBitcqia iaWmcliA IsWyis cSwrutia eg cKIrWt ,IfwrcgOj ,cnId
.evetwg iawDwvibil cSwaWncawb clunwswH ,utwBuruf egumuveyik umcliA

Enemih ctof csWh caekwtea egukwtumcliA csevcnunea iaWkwtumcliA WviawgItwm
egukwtctof im .eveTcauh iawguLuPctwa egWncawb clunwswH caeaIrwrcbiawl uDob
iawgIhea egukwtWlcawjwm utWfwt ctukun iawgurcBim urwvcswvud ea cnurutia
.evencnumwvcawrukcswd ctwfWqwX iaWmcliA ,ItwgiawDwv Wncawb clunwswH

ibwrwA iawgcaeaWsurwdwm egWycailIAWmcsia ,uhwf cSwmuvemcnin cmUluA clurWd
clunWvcKia csevwmwn .eveaivcaerukctwkcawswm iawgutog egcaesircawdum eguhwb
wnwv 1946 ,cnwvcawrukcsuh cSokcaea utugwv cSwkwtcawtcnwk eg cnUmilcsum
.eveaivcaedWfcAitcsia cnumwk csircawdum urwhwa


:urukif
wnig cSwrwv iawgumudefua urukif iaWtwycaiBcKwx egWncawb clunwswH
cSwHWlcBia InId iawgEret egEa .eveaev iawfcSokurwswa egcaekwtcnirevumcliA
udcbwA udwmcawHum cKiawx iaWa InWGcfwaclwa cnIdcaulWmwj cKiawx ivcaelWvog
.eveawvwncnwgiawDwvinemih cnuLufEb wdwf WFir udIxwr udwmcawHum cKiawx iaWa

egWFir cdIxwr wdcawHum ,ukwmwk caeaivun ulwdcawb iaWncnuLufEb ed wmwtwruf
cSokulwdwb ITis iaWaWncawb clunwswH iawgcaetwdcaum uruk eguLupctWywH
,iaWmuruk udWHitcjia iaWmulWvog cSwmwkcnimudem egunIdcmWlcsia .eveaivcauLua
cKiawx ,IkwmuvwAUjur cSwtwncnus iaWnWauruq iawkwTcSwmuvudet cnulwa ctwmcaua
caesWswa Irukif egcnUMilcsum clunWvcKia .evejwhcnwm eg WFir cdIxwr
.evejwhcnwm im csev Inwv iawfWvcauLwawDnwk Wncawb iawgumwk


:cnudcaefua ctwAWmwj
iawgumwkcnwk InwYwv Wncawb clunwswH iawgurwhwa 13 cnuLufurumuA
urwhwa wnwv 1919 cnutog ea .eveaiveTcaef cnwvcnwgiawDwvevireviawb
iawgWrwhWzum unuveruk cSwLoked Wncniawfis isErignia ibit iawgurcBim
.evetwgiawDwvevireviawb

clutwycaiAcmwj Inwv Wncawb clunwswH csevcniruk egumevedcaefua cnWvcKia
WlWvog cSwqWlcKwa ctWm wdwf ,utWmwrcawHum cluAcnwm utwycaiAcmwj ,uqWlcKwa
iawgukwtctwAWmwj InId iaWkwtWycaiAcmwj utWfwt Wruk Wnwm cawtctWrwkcnum
urwhwa wnwv 1927 cniruk egumevedcaefua cnWvcKia .eveawfWvcawruk ctwkcawswm
.eveaivedcaefua caeaWycaiAcmwj cseviawgumwn egWycaiAcmwj egcnunWvuz cmilcsum

ImWlcsia ,cnumumuvelWvua ctwfWliK ImWlcsia InWmcXuA urwhwa wnwv 1924
.eveawfevitwmiruk caemwkcsUyWm ,iaWkwmwkcnWriawh ilcauk Itoa cSwaeyinud
urWmcAitcsia egcnisErignia Itoa urcBim utugwv ea cnuLokcaenwa
ImWlcsia iaWSwmwkcnwvinim egunwYwv ,cnumutoa cnehim cawtcnwk .eveawfevuSwd
iawgurcBim cawtutwycaiBcKwx iaWkwtctWkwrwh utWfwt WlWvog cSwtwfWqwX
im Inudcaefua csev cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia .eveawyid cnumwvuLwf
.eveawgurwvcswvud

Wncawb clunwswH ,iawgWycailIAWmcsia uhwm cCirWm urwhwa wnwv 1928
1933 clIrcpea 26 idwa .eveaivedcaefua ctwAWmwj "cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia"
caepcaog cnehcnwa eg cnWvcKia iawgumwn eg ''utWmilcsum clutWvwKwa'' iawg
.eveaivedcaefua

im iawgEret egcaeawb wnig egcAwmwtcjum ,idefua ctwAWmwj cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia
.eveawyid cnegirutef cSwrcBim iLum evWLuf ctwAWmwj evurUhcxwm ctwAWmwj
ctih egcnuhIm cSokubwYWKum WncnuhIm ,iaWmwkiretctwHWBwf Ikwbwbws uDwgiawm
iawgiawbik egWncawb clunwswH ,caemwkwnWdwLuk ufWliK WywdWa wdwfwncnwgiawmwd
eg cnWvcKia ,Wvcawruk urutwd cSwkwbWsih Whiruh egurcBim idwa .evemuruh
.evemunid cSokurOf cSwncnuhIm utwlWsir

IAWmitcjia Ikwa cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia iawguLokuhwf egukwturwhwa eguhILWs
ukeaWa im .eveawyid cnegev cSwkwtwAWmwj wdwguzUfun cnutog IsWyis idwa
.evenuvuLuh cawtifog egutwAWmwj im iawgukwtumuawq ImWlcsia idwa ibwrwA

cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia Iawyid cnumwvuLWdiv Wncawb clunwswH csevudwbwa
Iaea wtcaeaik .eveSwmwk cnUn caeaITWp IsWyis cseviawgcaerwhwf IkwtwAWmwj
egumuLuairid ,WlWvog cSwmuawa cAwmwtcjum cnulwa cSwnId cmWlcsia WdWs ufWs
.eveSwmwk caetWkwrwH IHWlcBia ,WlWvog cSwmugen cnId cmWlcsia cSwkwjwhcnwm

utwycaiburwt wmwtwruf ,IkwtwsWyis egumuruk uHWlcBia egWncawb clunwswH
idwa .evemugnih iawgugwm eguHWlcBia caeLwvwyif uhwfcSwkwLwvwyif cned
IvcaelWvog Wncawb clunwswH .evemuawneg cnuhwf egEa ulwdwb WvcnunEb
uhwfcSwaea cned "caeaWliaWA cmilcsum" cnuhwfegEa ''caedurwf cmilcsum"wmwtwruf
cned "caerWkurws cmilcsum" uhwfcSwaea cned "caeAwmwtcjum cmilcsum''
.eveSwmuruk umiaWq "caetwfWliK ImWlcsia" uhwfcSwaea

Wncawb clunwswH ,cned cnehej iaWrwhwa wnwv 1949 cnegiSef cnia 1928
iaWkwtctwAWmwj cnehea IsWyis .eveaivegcnih ctwAWmwj cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia
IlWrcbil iawgcaetog wBcaWK cnikwv .eveaivcaeruk caekwtwmWrugnwh Irukif utWfwt
csUn wdwf ''cbWhixcawa'' ''cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia'' idwa .eveaWaITWP udcfwv
WFir udIxwr udwmcawHum cKiawx idwa .eveaivcauren cawtWlcawjwm
.eveaivcaeruk csev cnwk urircawHum eg ''crWnwmclwa'' cnumuvwrWhwvwa

iawdOh cawtuqcawH InwYwv egurcBim iaegEret egiawmWrugnwh uDob wnwved idwa
cawtcnuvulwdcawb iaWkwtWrwhWzum idwa .eveaivcaelWvog cSwmudOh cnwkcnwvinim
isErignia ibit cnegiawfih urcBim urEa idwa .eveaivedcaeh WvwvcaWb
cnuhIm cnWvcKia csev iawgumurem cniawfis Wncnurwsifoa egcniawfis
.eveaev iawfevireviawb


:cawtiDnwduDnwl eg cnUmilcsum clunWvcKia
clunwswH cmWmia cnumwvcauLwawDnwk cnwkiawbok IkwkwtiDnwduDnwl egutwAWmwj
:eveaeviawfevuLWdiv Wncawb
cmilcsum ,caeaeg cmilcsum ,caedurwf cmilcsum InwvcnunEb cnemerwhwa''
cnegiawvog cawtumuawq ImWlcsia ,caerWkurws cmilcsum ,caekwtcnutiycawr
,cSokcaea cnumilcsum Wviawfeviawbiawb ,caetwluawd enWgnih cSwairuk
iaWawdid egudWhij uhwf cSwaea cned ,iawdOh cawtcnib cmilcsum WviawfivenwgirEf
cSwaeyinud cnunId cmWlcsia ,cnegiawlufua wdid egumulWvog cSwgwm eg Q
''.cnunid cseneg cnuhejwmwh

cnemElwk'' :eveaivuLWdiv Wncawb clunwswH iawvcawl urWb cSwkwmwk ed ikwv
csev udwbwa cnerwhwa cnwk ctoa caemwk ed Ehej cnwruk clisWh
:Ikwmwked ea .cnedcSokcnWdnwh
emcnok Iaim .cnuv cnwvinim cnwYwv ImWlcsia cnukwrWb Whiruh egurEb -1
InWdwh uLeked Wmwk im idwa .caeqcawH Wvcnegibil csev cSwkwnWscnia
.caerWtcKumuduK wywvun caeairevWyinwa

.cnurukumiaWq caetwluawd cnwvinim ImWlcsia iawgunwYwv cnwvinim im cned -2
iawgumWzin IAWmitcjia Wruk ulwmwA cSwtogcaea WkwtcmukuH egunIdcmWlcsia Iaea
cnehea cSokcnWlcAia cawtuaidWbwm egunId .caetwluawd Everuk uzIfcnwt cnId
umiaWq ctwluawd inub im .caetwluawd Ediawgcnwa cawtuaidWbwm ea cSwncnuhIm
''.enWvirevwfWf csevcnumilcsum Whiruh WNcnwrukun ctwkcawswm cnwruk

Ehejcnwruk wmwhiruf iawkwTcSwmuruk clisWh iDnwduDnwl ed WviawgItwm
:Iaea .eveaev iawfWvcawruk cnWywb Wncawb cmWmia cnwkiawbok Ikwkwtcawtcnwk

egWnEa .cnudcaefua caenWscnia cmilcsum uLwgnwr utwHcaiB eguDnwgiSwh -1
.caehIm iretcnulEh urukif Ikwa WnEa .caeqWlcKwa uLwgnwr IkwqWlcKwa
.caehIm uLwgnwr WdIqwA .caehIm enEdOh InwdcmWa cnegcSok ctwkcawswm
cSwtugwv .caehIm enEveruk udWhij Wscfwn .caehIm Wruk cnwkuLwa cSwLwgnwr
iaWAwmwtcjum iaWnwYwv .caehIm umWzitcnia iawgukwtcawtcnwk .caehIm iretWvurwf
.caehIm iruh Wdiawf cSwncnuhIm cnehea
ImWlcsia csev iawgcaemwk Whiruh Ikwaeg ea .cnudcaefua caeaeg cmilcsum -2
uLwgnwr iaWkwaWdIqwA uLwgnwr .caeaeg WviretWkcawr cSwqWlcKwa iaWkwtubwdwa
caebcnwa uLwgnwr ,wmwnejcaived iawdOh caetwfWqwX uLwgnwr iaWkwtwycaiburwt
uqcawH egWhImibnwa .enEgnea cSwaWnehirif cmilcsum cnwruk urWyitcKia
uLwgnwr .enEgnea cnwvuruk wmwhiruf ubijWv wncnoa cSwa WhImibnwa cSokWdwa
cnehea .enWvireviawb iaWaWhImibnwa iawgumuruk utwycaiburwt cnirwd iawgutog
Wdiawf cSwtwmcaua iaWAwmwtcjum idwa .enWruk utWlwmWAum cSwLwgnwr WncnuhIm
.enWruk cawtcawtcnwk iruh

caeAwmwtcjum cmilcsum ,WmInuvelWvwlukea caeaWliaWA cmilcsum cned
Wruk urumwa cSwkwtcnwkoyeh InWd cnegev cAwmwtcjum ea cnurEa .enEvelWvwlukea
.enEved urwvctih cSwqWlcKwa ctWm .cSwkwAwmwtcjum Wruk Ihwn cawtcnwkiawbun
cnuvcnWburuq iaWmwkiretctwnWmwa .enWncnoa cnwkiretcnudcaefua iaWtwkcawswm
.enWncnoa

urWyitcKia caerWkurws cmilcsum ,IkwmuvclisWv cSwawmwh WkwAwmwtcjum cmilcsum
Q WTcawhwfih iawgutwAIrwx eg Q InWv urWkurws ea .caemwk enEveruk
iaWmwkcnwvinim .cSwkwrWkurws Wruk cawtcnwk udem Wncnutiycawr cSwtog ivegcnea
egumuruk urutwfurutwd iaWmuruk ctwkcawswm iaWmuruk uLWf ulWyiK iaWmwkcnWmwa
ireviawb iawgumugen urWrwq .enEd iawbcail csev cSwkwhIm emcnok cnwkcnwvinim
.enWruk

egutwmcaua ImWlcsia InWncnoa caerWkurws Edefua cnukwAwmwtcjum cmilcsum
cSwtwhwlcBwm egutwmcaua .iawgutog egcaerIjwa egutwmcaua .iawgutwmudiK
cSwnId cmWlcsia cnurwbcnem egurWkurws im .iawgumwk caeawb Wruk ctwkcawswm
uriawG ELua iawgcAwmwtcjum idwa .enWruk Wdwa cawtuFurwf egunId .enELua
iawkwTcSwaWfcnwm egutwmcaua cnegiawfih cnunEb csev egcnumilcsum
.enWruk ctwkcawswm

im ,idefua caerWkurws Wruk urWyitcKia cnumilcsum ukea Wmwkcnwvinim wmwhiruf
ImWlcsia cnehinehea ,IkwawnWm egumubnelOb cSwtwAIrwx eg Q urWkurws
cnurEa .EaInudcaefua caetwluawd enWd cSwairuk cnegiawvog cawtumuawq
cnulwa cnwkirevitwm egcnumilcsum ,cSokcaea cnumilcsum ibit iawfeviawbiawb
.enEdOh cawtcnib WviawfivenwgirEf ,iawdOh

caekwtctwluawd ImWlcsia irevukea wtwvun caetwluawd ImWlcsia Wviawfiverukcaea
iaWmwkcnwvinim iawgEyinud idwa .enEhej wfis Iluawd iawgutwmcaua ,cnumudefua
idwa .enWdcnegevuLWf uruawd egEa iawgumuruk umiaWq utwrWFwH iaWmwkcnWmwa
Wdcnumwruk cnwruk wdwgctwa cSwCcawm egutwmcaua cnukwturWb cnehinehea
.enWdcnegev cSwkwhwruh ELea cawtwkwswm