cnurukurIvwh ukeaWnwscnibor
clIAWmcsia IlwA
2005 clIrcpea 27

egWkiremea Ikwnwscnibor cnwTcnilWa cnivcDea
idehcneL cSokitIr emcnea cSudcKIrWt Ibwdwa
.evekeairevcneL Enemih iawgEret egcnirevcneL
egurwhwa wnwv1889 Ivcnwfua cnwscnibor
egcniaEm egWkiremea uhwvudwnwv 22 rwbcmesiD
cDrwvcDea Ikwawpcawb .eveawg cDiawTcDeh
rwmclWp utwbwzilea Ikwawmcnwm .evenwscnibor
urumua Wruf iaWkwtcswvud egWrufwL .evea
.eveawgcaenuawT Wyik rWniDrWg InwviawfcSokwdEh
iaWnwscnibor ,csevwmwn caeairevirWfwyiv egIDukwl Ikwawpcawb egcnwscnibor
.evekemuLuairid egiawdWa cSwrwv Iawyidcneg cnumeLuairid cnemebEb egWnEa
edwvcSwaeret egumwkirevcneL iawgurwhwa wrWgea cnurumua egWnEa ,cnwscnibor
cSwacDwvrWh ,WnEa csevukea WmudehuLoked egwpcawb .eveaiSefcnwkcawd urwnuh
egWsiawf InuhejcnwlWTcauh cnuveyik cnuhwf urwhwaed csevwmwn .evenwvcnwvwyik
iawg 1892 wpcawb egcnwscnibor .eveaeruh WlWHilwb egwpcawb ,Wmwkitwd
wmcnwm urwhwa wnwv 1896 cnuhwf urwhwa urwtwh WtivWyin wpcawb .eveaivWyin
egukwtWsidWH ubIswnudwb im IkwkwtcneL caeawb egcnwscnibor .eveaivWyin
.eveaWjItwn

cSwjeliv cCincnIrug egITis ckOyuain ,cnwscnibor cnumuhejcnwlWTcauh cnuveyik
wnigcSwrwv cnIruk Ikwa eg iruh ,WnEa iawgunwt im .eveairukulwdwb cnuLuairid
cnwscnibor urwvcswvudim .evekeaeg WviawfeLuairid cniretcnuyil iaWncnunWncnwf
caelwdum Whiruh Ivwyinud egWnEa .evekemuLuairid itemwkin urIgwf cSwrwv InuLua
.eveaevcSwmwkudwm WhEvelcSokulWmwk cSwkwDnwgcswbwd emcnea

iawgukwt urwhwa eg1890 cawtcneL egWnEa cnwscnibor iawgIhea egcniheTcawr
wLuk cnumuvWyin wmcnwm itevubol Ikwtofed wmwtwruf egWnEa .eveaiSefcnwrukuAiaWx
cnwTcpek'' Ikwtof wnwvcnit egcnwscnibor .evetofed WviawfcSokWnib cSwrwswa
iawgumurukuaiAWx ''rWvir wd cnuawD cnuawT wd'' ,ctof wnwvurwtwh .evea ''cgiawruk
.eveTclevczUr rODeait WvcSwmwkcaesIawr egWkiremea IvcaedeviretIhea

cawtcneL egcnwscnibor ,cnwkulWmws egcTclevczUr rODeait csIawr
cSwnwscnibor cnITis ckOyuain cnutog egcaeaWjItwn .eveailutwa urwhwawnwv1905
.evenidiawdOh caeaWfIzwv ,cTclevczUr

egcaehIm irukibOl cSwmwkirevinwkea ,ikwrudwl InwviawfiverukwgwhWf cnwscnibor
rwzcTilcP cSwrwhwfcnit .eveSokiawbirwscauh IlWmcnin ctWywH egWnEa .eveawgutog
eyinud cnwscnibor cnwTcnilWa cnivcDea ,WyirevcneL WviawfWdOh cmWniA
.eveauhwvud wnwv 6 clIrcpEa egurwhwa wnwv 1935IrukUd

egcnwscnibor cnwTcnilWa cnivcDea ,iawgurwzwn egcniretcnuyikuDWf Ibwdwa caeawb
isErigia iaWa Wkiremea caeDwgcnim Wa egumwkirevuDWf ,InwvcawtcneL
egWnEa InwviawgukwtcneL egcnwscnibor .eveawfIdiawLwawDnwk iawgumwkirevcneL
cswlov idwa cnwmcTiv cTclOv ,WvcSwmwk cnirevcneL irevuDWf egurwvcswvud
iaWa rWaipcsckex ,eruvcSwkwturwswa egumwkirevuDWf egukwtcneL eg cscnwvITcs
.eveaeLua enub cSwmwkcawturwswa egumwkirevuDWf egcnwscnOjcneb

.evenid cnwkulWmws cSwDwa egukwtuzufwl cSwDobcSwrwv ,uriaWdwhcneL cnwscnibor
Wyik cnwnea csevInehejun wmwhctih,EretEd Wmwn egWnEa , cnwscnibor
wlwhwkWyikea WmIlWTcawv cnitwmiDis Whwjcniawf iawgcaeLwdcsuh ukwrwhwfemcnok
InEhejcnWv cneL iawgutogcSud ecnwscnibor !eveaItWvIh cSwaWnEa cnehWyik caeDwa
.eveSwkwCcaea wncnuh caeawmwh Ikizuyim

WnEa ,cSwrutia egumuLuairid egWnEa InwviawfIdcSokwfis cawtcnuyil egcnwscnibor
wyidcnumwruk.evetwlWH egcnuhImea .evemuLuairid egcnuhIm unuLuairid cnegiawSwv
ekedcnuLuairid ,iaWncnuhIm WviawfevubWyibWkWn iawgumuLuairid ,Iaea .evekwtudImcaua
cnuLuairid cnubwbws egubIswnudwb .evencnuhImWviawfcsiawaiLur ,evihUf
itIr emcnea egcnuhIm im .eveaem csevcnuhIm ''WviawfWlcnulufunwf''
.evencnumeLedim ''IrOk cDrwCir'' iaWa ''IvIC rwvinim'' ,InwncnefcaelWsim

WnEa .evetwqIqwH Wviawfevinedinef cSwaWnEa Inedenub cnukwtcneL egcnwscnibor
cSwkwtwlwscawm IAWmitcjia iawgukwtcneL eguhwf egWnEa .evekwtcawtcnwk WrukclUbwq
.eveaeverukwgwhWf cnwkWviawfcSokctWrWxia

,WvcSwmwk caenuawT IlWyiK EdcSokwfis iawgukwtcneL wnigcSwrwv egcnwscnibor
rwniDrWg irukwdEh urumuA Wruf egWyirevcneL InwrukctWrWxia ,cnuawT IrwbcliT
egWyirevcneL InedWlWvwH cawtWsidWH caeawb WviawgukwtcneL .eveSwnuawT
cSwlwrugnwb cSwkwlWsim .eveSwkwtWbircjwt WviawfevWmid iawgumuLuairidIqIqwH
,InwviawfcSokwfis cawtcnwkim .eveaivcSwaWyirevcneL cSwkwycawb Iaea iawfihived
egcnwscnibor .evwgumeLed im ''ITWp cscDwluf .rm'' iaWa ''IvIC rwvinim''
''iawfiawvurwaufoa cSokcnWmoa cSokitIr'' cniawdwfcnirevcneL cnehea egurwvcswvud
InwviawfIdiawvukcawd cnuLuairid ,cnwscnibor ,iawgulwdwb egumukcaed cnuLuairid
.eveSwtogcaea WtwqIqwh cSwrwv

''IrOk cDrwCir''
,Wdwheyil ,Wyik cnuhIm cniawnig emcnea cniaeret egukwtcneL egcnwscnibor Iaim
ubWyimWk idnwscaum cSwrwv Inwrukwfis iawgumeL im .evemeL caea erukcnumeL ed
urIgwf ELua iawgItwmugwm Inwd cnumediawyik wkwhWv .evekehIm Wyik IrOk cDrwCir
IkwaIrOk cDrwCir iawgurwzwn egcnuhImurIgwf .evekehIm cniaeret egukwtcnuhIm
cSwmWqwm egWnEa .evekeairetctwzcaiA ctencaemwkirevurubik csevukeaWmwk idnwscaum
egWhIm urIqwf .evekehIm wmwhiruf wdwf enEdea csev ukwhIm emcnok wmwh cSwmuawa
wkwhWv Inwncneg caelwdwb ilcauk cSwawkwhWv csogcnumwrohoa cSwaIrOk cawtcfIruAwt
.evencnumedenub utwlWH egWnEa .evencnumed caeLokutWmUluAwm wDuk egWhIm Ediawyik
IrOk cDrwCir ,ubWyimWk IduncaelIscfwt urutia Inebil caekox ilcauk
.evencnumunub wkwhWv ivurwm cSwywlcaimwa

cneL Inegnea cnwkcnUn IrOk cDrwCir ,wmwhiruf Inunef ea cSwncnuhIm urIgwf
?eveawvWbevcaIk ,ehwf Ivurwm cSwywlcaimwa IrOk cDrwCir .evencnumumin




IrOk cDrwCir
cnwscnibor cnwTcnilWa cnivcDea
(clIAWmcsia IlwA :Wmwjurwt)

ukwrwhwfemcnok WdcSwnuawT IrOk cDrwCir
eveaumwlwb cSwa WnEa cnuhImEbit ItwmurWvud ,cnemerwhwa
.evekeairetctwzcaiA cSwywmwhWbWncnuf cnegiSefcnulob Ikwa WnEa
.evekehIm iLotwmih iruhcaetogIhWx ,Wviawfibilcnuhur

.eveSokUlWC cSokWdWs Inwncnuh csevudwbwa WnEa
.evekenWscnia csevudwbwa Iaea uriaESomcswb
.eveawlWhwjudcniv cSwriaWlWvogcnWlws WnEa cswnehea
.eveawLubwbWdiv uriaWvWgibWgnih

.evejcnwscaum cseveruvcSwkwlwkcswr.evekeaWa ---evejcnwscaum WnEa
.eveaev cSwrwv Ebnelctih ,caemwkirwf iaWkwmwkitirUm Whiruh ,iawg WnEa
.eveSwmwkcaeCcaea Whiruh Ikwa WnEa IrukIh cnemerwhwa cnumwkwmwhiruf
.eveyeverukudImcaua cSwmuveruh iawgumWqwm iruhWnEa cSwncnemerwhwa

.evemIawyid cnumwrukctwkcawswm cnemerwhwa ,WmIvcnehea
.evencnumwruk urWzitcnia OtEbil caemwkilwa
.evencnumwvogiteCcaea cSwCcaofcnWp ,itencaehwm enWk idwa
IrOk cDrwCir ,iawgcaeaer iritiawmuDwm egumusUm unUh
.eveailWvunof caenwzwv ,cSwlob idwa .eveawyid cSwaeg